In situations where doctors judge that there is a risk of harm to self or others, they may impose short involuntary hospitalization. In a network comparative meta-analysis of 15 antipsychotic drugs, clozapine was significantly more effective than all other drugs, although clozapine's heavily multimodal action may cause more side effects. Up to a third of people do not respond to initial antipsychotics, in which case clozapine may be used. The mainstay of treatment is antipsychotic medication, along with counseling, job training, and social rehabilitation. In 2015, an estimated 17,000 deaths were linked to schizophrenia. Compared to the general population, people with schizophrenia have a higher suicide rate (about 5% overall) and more physical health problems, leading to an average decrease in life expectancy by 20 to 28 years. Social problems such as long-term unemployment, poverty, homelessness, exploitation, and victimization are commonly correlated with schizophrenia. In severe cases, people may be admitted to hospitals. The other half will have a lifelong impairment. Ībout half of those diagnosed with schizophrenia will have a significant improvement over the long term with no further relapses, and a small proportion of these will recover completely. Possible environmental factors include being raised in a city, childhood adversity, cannabis use during adolescence, infections, the ages of a person's mother or father, and poor nutrition during pregnancy. Genetic factors include a variety of common and rare genetic variants. The causes of schizophrenia may include genetic and environmental factors. Males are more often affected and on average have an earlier onset. In 2017, there were an estimated 1.1 million new cases and in 2022 a total of 24 million cases globally. Ībout 0.3% to 0.7% of people are diagnosed with schizophrenia during their lifetime. Many people with schizophrenia have other mental disorders, especially substance use disorders, depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, and obsessive–compulsive disorder. To be diagnosed with schizophrenia, the described symptoms need to have been present for at least six months (according to the DSM-5) or one month (according to the ICD-11). There is no objective diagnostic test diagnosis is based on observed behavior, a psychiatric history that includes the person's reported experiences, and reports of others familiar with the person. Symptoms typically develop gradually, begin during young adulthood, and in many cases never become resolved. Other symptoms include social withdrawal, and flat affect. Major symptoms include hallucinations (typically hearing voices), delusions, and disorganized thinking. Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by continuous or relapsing episodes of psychosis. ~0.32% (1 in 300) of the global population is effected. Substance use disorder, Huntington's disease, mood disorders ( bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder), autism, borderline personality disorder, schizophreniform disorder, schizotypal personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder, antisocial personality disorder, psychotic depression, anxiety, disruptive mood dysregulation disorderĢ0–28 years shorter life expectancy Suicide, heart disease, lifestyle diseases įamily history, cannabis use in adolescence, problems during pregnancy, childhood adversity, birth in late winter or early spring, older father, being born or raised in a city īased on observed behavior, reported experiences, and reports of others familiar with the person Hallucinations (usually hearing voices), delusions, confused thinking / ˌ s k ɪ t s ə ˈ f r iː n i ə/, UK also / ˌ s k ɪ d z ə-/, US also /- ˈ f r ɛ n i ə/.
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